Knee pain is a common complaint among adults and most often associated with general wear and tear from daily activities like walking, 弯曲, 站立和起吊. Athletes who run or play sports that involve 跳 or quick pivoting are also more likely to experience knee pain and problems. But whether an individual’s knee pain is caused by aging or injury, it can be a nuisance and even debilitating in some circumstances.

膝关节的简单解剖 

The knee is a vulnerable joint that bears a great deal of stress from everyday activities, 比如举和跪, 以及高影响力的活动, 比如慢跑和有氧运动.

膝盖由以下部分组成:

• 胫骨. 这是小腿的胫骨或更大的骨头.

• 股骨. 这是大腿骨或上腿骨.

• 髌骨. 这是膝盖.

Each bone end is covered with a layer of cartilage that absorbs shock and protects the knee. Basically, the knee is 2 long leg 骨头 held together by 肌肉, ligaments, and tendons.

膝盖有两组肌肉, including the quadriceps 肌肉 (located on the front of the thighs), 使腿伸直, and the hamstring 肌肉 (located on the back of the thighs), 哪条腿在膝盖处弯曲.

Tendons are tough cords of tissue that connect 肌肉 to 骨头. Ligaments are elastic bands of tissue that connect bone to bone. Some ligaments on the knee provide stability and protection of the joints, while other ligaments limit forward and backward movement of the tibia (shin bone).

常见的膝关节问题有哪些?

Many knee problems are a result of the aging process and continual wear and stress on the knee joint (such as, 关节炎). Other knee problems are a result of an injury or a sudden movement that strains the knee. 常见的膝关节问题包括:

• 膝盖韧带扭伤或拉伤 和/或肌肉. A sprained or strained knee ligament or muscle is usually caused by a blow to the knee or a sudden twist of the knee. Symptoms often include pain, swelling, and difficulty in walking.

• 撕裂的软骨. Trauma to the knee can tear the menisci (pads of connective tissue that act as shock absorbers and also enhance stability). 软骨撕裂常伴随扭伤发生. Treatment may involve wearing a brace during an activity to protect the knee from further injury. 可能需要手术来修复撕裂.

• 肌腱炎. Inflammation of the tendons may result from overuse of a tendon during certain activities such as running, 跳, 或骑自行车. 髌骨肌腱的肌腱炎被称为跳腿膝. 这种情况经常发生在体育运动中, 比如篮球, where the force of hitting the ground after a jump strains the tendon.

• 关节炎. 骨关节炎 is the most common type of arthritis that affects the knee. 骨关节炎 is a degenerative process where the cartilage in the joint gradually wears away. 它常影响中老年人. 骨关节炎 may be caused by excess stress on the joint such as repeated injury or being overweight. 类风湿性关节炎 can also affect the knees by causing the joint to become inflamed and by destroying the knee cartilage. 类风湿性关节炎 often affects persons at an earlier age than osteoarthritis.

如何诊断膝关节问题?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical exam, 其他有关膝盖问题的检查包括:

• x射线. This test uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to make images of internal tissues, 骨头, 把器官放到胶片上.

• 磁共振成像(核磁共振成像). 这个测试使用大磁铁, 射频, and a computer to make detailed images of organs and structures within the body; can often determine damage or disease in a surrounding ligament or muscle.

• 计算机断层扫描(也称为CT或CAT扫描). This test uses x射线s and computer technology to make horizontal, 或轴向, 身体的图像(通常称为切片). CT扫描显示身体任何部位的详细图像, 包括骨头, 肌肉, 脂肪, 和器官. CT扫描比普通的x光扫描更详细.

• 关节镜检查. A minimally-invasive diagnostic and treatment procedure used for conditions of a joint. 本程序使用小, 点燃, 视管(关节镜), which is inserted into the joint through a small incision in the joint. Images of the inside of the joint are projected onto a screen; used to evaluate any degenerative or arthritic changes in the joint; to detect bone diseases and tumors; to determine the cause of bone pain and inflammation.

• 放射性核素骨扫描. A nuclear imaging technique that uses a very small amount of radioactive material, which is injected into the patient's bloodstream to be detected by a scanner. This test shows blood flow to the bone and cell activity within the bone.

治疗膝关节问题

如果最初的治疗方法不能起到缓解作用, x光显示关节受损, the orthopaedist may recommend total joint replacement for the knee, 也被称为 膝关节置换.